![]() Much attention has rightly been paid to the legal and economic harm that institutionalized bigotry can cause, as well as to the various factors that feed that bigotry. In this critical moment, history has especially important lessons to teach us about racism, religious prejudice, and the importance of basic human rights. Trump’s recent executive orders regarding immigration. Even as we acknowledge these historical milestones, we face the horrific realization that the same dangerous impulses and rhetoric that led to the mass imprisonment of over 100,000 innocent citizens and their family members once again lie at the heart of President Donald J. February 19 will mark the 75th anniversary of Roosevelt signing the order. On January 30, we celebrated the legacy of civil rights hero Fred Korematsu, who was one of three Japanese Americans to challenge the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066 before the Supreme Court. A total of 10 such prisons existed: Gila River and Poston in Arizona Granada in Colorado Heart Mountain in Wyoming Jerome and Rohwer in Arkansas Manzanar and Tule Lake in California Topaz in Utah and Minidoka in Idaho. Called relocation centers in most official correspondence (but also internment camps and, on occasion, concentration camps), these prisons were created and administered by the War Relocation Authority. Following this interim period, inmates eventually arrived at prisons where they would stay long term. The majority of these temporary jails were makeshift arrangements, such as former fairgrounds and horse tracks. Wikimedia Commonsīefore being formally incarcerated, Japanese Americans were first detained in one of 17 so-called “assembly centers.” The bulk of these were located in California, with three other sites in Oregon, Arizona, and Washington. However, community leaders were detained in one of five camps in the territory or sent to mainland WRA camps.An Exclusion Order commanding the removal of Japanese Americans from a section of San Francisco. In Hawai‘i, internment was not implemented because the incarceration of close to 40% of the population would have crippled local infrastructure. Following their “evacuation” from the West Coast, internees were initially placed in temporary “assembly centers” before their eventual assignment to one of ten “war relocation centers” in the interior operated by the new civilian agency, the War Relocation Authority (WRA). ![]() Indicating the racialized nature of internment, German and Italian Americans were not subject to mass incarceration. citizens raised or educated in Japan) alike. citizenship), Nisei (second-generation American citizens by birth), and Kibei (American-born U.S. ![]() The order outlined the mass exclusion and incarceration of all persons of Japanese ancestry as justified by “military necessity.” The exclusion order led to the internment of Issei (first-generation immigrants ineligible for U.S. On February 19, 1942, President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066. To further deter Japanese military expansion in the Pacific, the United States imposed economic sanctions on Japan-one of several factors that instigated Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor. During the first two years of World War II, the United States sought to maintain neutrality even while aiding allies with war materials and supplemental military units. Of that number, two-thirds were U.S.-born citizens. Despite the absence of documented cases of espionage, approximately 100,000 persons of Japanese heritage were forcibly removed from the West Coast to inland internment camps during the spring and summer of 1942. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 declaring parts of California, Arizona, Washington state, and Oregon a war zone operating under military rule. Less than three months later, President Franklin D. Entering World War II: Pearl Harbor and Executive Order 9066 On December 7, 1941, Japan launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor and the United States entered World War II.
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